What concept is NOT one of the three rings in the implementation lifecycle?

The implementation lifecycle in COBIT includes three primary rings that facilitate the achieving of governance and management objectives: change enablement, program management, and the continual improvement lifecycle. These components work together to ensure that organization-wide changes are effectively managed and that improvements are consistently pursued throughout the lifecycle of various initiatives.

Project management, while essential for the execution and delivery of projects, does not constitute one of the principal rings in the implementation lifecycle. Instead, it is often considered a methodology or framework that operates under the broader umbrella of program management. Program management aligns multiple projects to achieve strategic objectives, and change enablement focuses on managing the transitions and changes required to support these projects and programs.

Therefore, identifying project management as an incorrect answer highlights its role as a supporting discipline rather than a core component of the implementation lifecycle itself. Understanding the distinct functions of each component helps organizations effectively navigate changes and implementations while focusing on continuous improvement.